内容来源：https://www.wired.com/story/new-york-is-the-latest-state-to-consider-a-data-center-pause/

内容总结：

近日，美国纽约州两名议员提出一项法案，计划暂停该州新建数据中心三年。这使纽约成为过去几周内至少第六个考虑立法暂停数据中心发展的州，反映出两党对数据中心快速扩张的抵制情绪正在全美各州蔓延。

该法案由民主党州参议员莉兹·克鲁格和众议员安娜·凯莱斯共同提出。克鲁格表示，此类暂停措施正成为美国多州的参考模式，且两党都在推动类似立法，纽约应走在前面。此前，佛蒙特州独立参议员伯尼·桑德斯已呼吁全国暂停数据中心审批，佛罗里达州州长罗恩·德桑蒂斯也公开批评数据中心推高能源成本。

纽约目前拥有超过130个数据中心，另有多个大型项目在建或规划中。仅一年内，该州电网面临的数据中心用电需求就增长了两倍，达到10吉瓦。这引发了公众对电网压力、环境影响及电费负担的担忧。纽约州长凯西·霍赫尔近期已要求数据中心承担相应成本，以保护居民免受高电价影响。

环保组织“食品与水观察”纽约分部称，该暂停法案由其推动提出。法案要求在未来三年内停止发放新数据中心许可，并责成相关部门评估数据中心对社会与环境的影响，提出改进措施。该组织认为，现有监管措施仍不足够。

除纽约外，佐治亚、马里兰、俄克拉荷马、佛蒙特和弗吉尼亚等州今年也提出了不同程度的暂停法案。尽管各州政治背景不同——佐治亚、佛蒙特和弗吉尼亚由民主党主导，俄克拉荷马和马里兰则由共和党推动——但行动方向一致。截至去年底，全美至少有14个州的县市已暂停数据中心审批与建设。

面对压力，数据中心行业开始回应。微软上月承诺在社区中扮演“好邻居”角色，行业组织“数据中心联盟”也表示将加强公众沟通，说明其在水资源使用和能源付费方面的责任。

在数据中心密集的弗吉尼亚州，相关立法斗争尤为激烈。今年州议会已提出60多项相关法案。州众议员乔什·托马斯表示，支持数据中心改革的两党议员人数已从2024年的3人增至目前的约13人。去年一项要求数据中心加强环境评估的法案虽被前州长否决，但新任州长阿比盖尔·斯潘伯格在竞选中曾主张让数据中心“自负成本”，今年类似法案有望获得通过。

分析指出，在数据中心产业规模较小的州，暂停法案更易通过。但即使是在弗吉尼亚这样的产业重镇，立法者也开始意识到必须对数据中心建设进行规范谈判。这场全美范围内的数据中心发展反思，正逐渐从地方行动演变为跨党派、跨州域的立法浪潮。

中文翻译：

周五，纽约州两名议员宣布将提交一项法案，对数据中心建设实施为期三年的暂停令。这使得纽约成为过去几周内至少第六个提出暂停数据中心建设立法的州，标志着两党共同推动的反对浪潮正迅速席卷全美各州议会。

民主党州参议员莉兹·克鲁格在周五的新闻发布会上表示："数据中心暂停令正在成为全美各州试行的模式。"她与同为民主党人的法案联合提案人、州众议员安娜·凯勒斯共同宣布了这一消息。"民主党和共和党都在推进此类暂停令，纽约理应率先行动。"

这项新法案的提出，正值近几个月来两党共同反对数据中心的情绪在全美蔓延。去年12月，佛蒙特州独立参议员伯尼·桑德斯成为首位呼吁全面暂停数据中心许可的国家级政治家，他表示暂停令将"确保科技红利惠及所有人，而非仅限1%的群体"。

就在纽约法案提出前一天，佛罗里达州州长罗恩·德桑蒂斯在人工智能政策圆桌会议上严厉批评数据中心。他此前已提议立法，旨在提供多项消费者保护措施并限制该州数据中心的扩张。"我不认为有多少人愿意为更高的电费买单，只为了让某个聊天机器人能在网上毒害13岁儿童。"德桑蒂斯在获得掌声的发言中表示，"这绝非公众所愿。"

纽约州目前拥有130多座数据中心，另有数个大型项目正在规划或建设中，其中包括一座选址于旧燃煤电厂、功率达450兆瓦的项目。该州一家公用事业公司表示，目前有10吉瓦的电力需求（主要来自数据中心）正等待接入电网，这一需求在短短一年内增长了两倍。这些项目正与日益增长的担忧发生冲突：公众既忧虑数据中心对电网的影响及环境问题，也质疑是否将由消费者承担相关成本。上月，作为保护用户免受高能源成本影响的一揽子行动之一，纽约州州长凯西·霍赫尔启动了一项新计划，在要求数据中心"承担合理份额"的同时，推动电网互联与升级。

去年12月初，在桑德斯呼吁全国性暂停令的前几天，由环保组织"食品与水观察"召集的200多个全国及地方环保团体联合致信国会议员，要求通过全国性数据中心建设暂停令，称数据中心扩张和人工智能热潮是"我们这代人面临的最大环境与社会威胁之一"。

"食品与水观察"纽约分部高级战略师埃里克·韦尔特曼表示，纽约法案是"我们的构想"。该法案规定至少三年内暂停发放新数据中心许可。在此期间，环境保护部和公共服务委员会必须提交数据中心对公众及环境影响的研究报告，并提出新规或指令以减轻影响。

韦尔特曼指出："已有许多出于善意的法案试图解决数据中心的多重影响，但我们始终认为这些措施并不充分。"

今年至少还有五个州——佐治亚、马里兰、俄克拉荷马、佛蒙特和弗吉尼亚——的议员提出了以不同形式暂停数据中心建设的法案。虽然佐治亚、佛蒙特和弗吉尼亚的提案由民主党主导，但俄克拉荷马和马里兰的法案主要由共和党人推动。这些法案与地方层面已通过的若干暂停令相呼应：据科技政策媒体报道，截至去年12月底，全美至少有14个州的城镇或县已暂停数据中心许可与建设。

有迹象表明数据中心行业开始回应这股反对浪潮。上月，在白宫支持下，微软推出一系列承诺，表示将在建设数据中心的社区扮演"好邻居"角色。针对行业如何应对各州立法潮的问题，数据中心联盟州政策副总裁丹·迪奥里奥在给《连线》杂志的声明中表示，该组织"认识到持续通过社区参与和利益相关方教育来增进公众对行业了解的重要性，包括提供行业负责任用水及承担能源使用成本的事实信息"。

部分提出暂停令的州数据中心数量相对较少：据数据中心地图网站显示，佛蒙特州仅有两座数据中心。但佐治亚和弗吉尼亚作为全美数据中心建设的两大枢纽，已成为抵制行动的核心区域，无论是公众反应还是立法反弹都尤为激烈。行业新闻网站"数据中心动态"数据显示，弗吉尼亚州议会今年已提出60多项与数据中心相关的法案。

弗吉尼亚州众议员乔什·托马斯一直走在立法限制数据中心扩张的前沿。在2024年他的首个立法会期中，参众两院自我标榜的数据中心"改革者"仅有三名政界人士。到2025年这个数字增至八人，"而现在已达到十二三人"，他表示还有更多议员愿意支持改革法案。他指出，同僚们如今已"意识到我们需要协商这些设施的布局"。

去年，托马斯提出的一项要求数据中心进行更深入的环境、噪音及社区影响评估的提案虽获议会通过，但遭时任州长格伦·扬金否决。新当选的民主党州长阿比盖尔·斯潘伯格在竞选期间曾谈及让数据中心"自负盈亏"，今年已获众议院通过的修订版法案更有可能获得她的重新考量。

"我对斯潘伯格州长签署法案持更乐观态度。"托马斯表示。

虽然未参与弗吉尼亚州众议院暂停令的制定，但托马斯认为，在数据中心产业根基不如弗吉尼亚深厚的州，暂停令更易获得通过。不过他仍表示："这主意并不坏。"

英文来源：

Two New York lawmakers on Friday announced that they are introducing a bill that would impose a three-year moratorium on data center development. The announcement makes New York at least the sixth state to introduce legislation putting a pause on data center development in the past few weeks—one of the latest signs of a growing and bipartisan backlash that is quickly finding traction in statehouses around the country.
Data center moratoriums are “being tested as a model throughout states in this country,” said state senator Liz Krueger, a Democrat, who presented the bill at a press conference Friday with its cosponsor, assembly member Anna Kelles, also a Democrat. “Democrats and Republicans are moving forward with exactly these kinds of moratoriums. New York should be in the front of the line to get this done.”
The new bill comes as a wave of bipartisan anti-data-center sentiment has swept across the country in recent months. In December, Senator Bernie Sanders, the Vermont independent, became the first national politician to call for a blanket moratorium on data center permitting, saying that a moratorium would “ensure that the benefits of technology work for all of us, not just the 1 percent.”
Just a day before the New York bill was introduced, Governor Ron DeSantis of Florida sharply criticized data centers at a roundtable on AI policy. DeSantis had previously proposed legislation that would offer a variety of consumer protections and limit the expansion of data centers in Florida.
“I don’t think there’s very many people who want to have higher energy bills just so some chatbot can corrupt some 13-year-old kid online,” deSantis said at the roundtable, to applause. “That’s not what anybody is signing up for.”
New York currently has more than 130 data centers, with several large-scale projects—including a 450-megawatt project sited on an old coal plant—proposed or under construction. One of the state’s utilities said there is currently 10 gigawatts of electric demand, mainly driven by data centers, in line to be connected to the grid; that demand tripled in just one year. These projects are colliding with mounting concerns over impacts from data centers on the electric grid, environmental worries, and whether or not consumers would be footing the bill. Last month, as part of a larger set of actions intended to protect ratepayers from high energy costs, New York’s governor, Kathy Hochul, launched a new initiative to improve interconnection and grid upgrades while requiring data centers to “pay their fair share.”
In early December, days before Sanders’ call for a national moratorium, more than 200 national and local environmental groups from around the country convened by environmental group Food and Water Watch signed on to a letter asking members of Congress to pass a national moratorium on data center development, calling data center expansion and the AI boom “one of the biggest environmental and social threats of our generation.”
The New York bill was “our idea,” says Eric Weltman, the senior strategist and organizer for Food and Water Watch’s New York chapter. The bill imposes at least a three-year moratorium on issuing permits for new data centers. During this time, the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Public Service Commission must issue reports on the impacts of data centers on the public and the environment, and suggest new regulations or orders to minimize impacts.
“There are a lot of extraordinarily well-intentioned and well-meaning bills that have been introduced to attempt to address the many impacts that data centers have,” says Weltman. “Our concern was, and remains, that they're not adequate.”
Lawmakers in at least five other states—Georgia, Maryland, Oklahoma, Vermont, and Virginia—have also introduced bills this year that would impose various forms of temporary pauses on data center development. While Georgia, Vermont, and Virginia’s efforts are being led by Democrats, Oklahoma and Maryland’s bills were largely sponsored by Republicans. These bills mirror several moratoriums that have already passed locally: At the end of December, at least 14 states had towns or counties that have paused data center permitting and construction, Tech Policy Press reported.
There are some signs that the data center industry is beginning to respond to the backlash. Last month, Microsoft, with a boost from the White House, rolled out a set of commitments to be a “good neighbor” in communities where it builds data centers. In response to questions on how the industry is responding to the slew of state-level legislation, Dan Diorio, the vice president of state policy at the Data Center Coalition, an industry group, tells WIRED in a statement that it “recognizes the importance of continued efforts to better educate and inform the public about the industry, through community engagement and stakeholder education, which includes factual information about the industry’s responsible usage of water and our commitment to paying for the energy we use.”
Some of the states with moratorium bills have relatively few data centers: Vermont has just two, according to Data Center Map. But Georgia and Virginia are two of the national hubs for data center development and have found themselves at the center of much of the resistance, in both public reaction to data centers and legislative pushback. More than 60 data-center-related bills have already been proposed in the Virginia legislature this year, according to Data Center Dynamics, an industry news site.
Josh Thomas is a state delegate in Virginia who has been at the forefront of leading the legislative charge to put limits on the expansion of data centers. During his first legislative session, in 2024, the caucus of self-identified data center “reformers” in both the House and Senate was just three politicians. That number grew to eight in 2025, “and now, it’s 12 or 13,” he says, with many more politicians willing to vote on reform bills. His fellow lawmakers, he says, now “understand that we need to negotiate where these things go.”
Last year, a proposal introduced by Thomas that would have required data centers to perform more in-depth environmental-, noise-, and community-impact site assessments passed the legislature, but it was vetoed by then governor Glenn Youngkin. Newly elected governor Abigail Spanberger, a Democrat who talked about making data centers “pay their own way” on the campaign trail, seems much more likely to reconsider this year’s version of the bill, which has already passed the House.
“I’m much more optimistic that [Spanberger] will sign,” Thomas says.
Thomas, who was not involved in shaping the moratorium in the Virginia House, thinks that a moratorium on data centers is much more likely to pass in states where the industry has less of a foothold than in Virginia. Still, he says, “it’s not a bad idea.”